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???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1983? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? 160 ????? ???? ?? 12 ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? 7 ????? ?????/?????? 1992 ?????? ??? ???? ?? 2 ??/????? 1997? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????: "????? ??????? ???? ???? ???". ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????: ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? 84 ????? ????? ???????? ??????-??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? 100 ???.

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(1)??? Abulafia, David, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, Penguin Books, 2011, p. xxiii.

(2)??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? Hyde, J.K. (1991), Verger, Jacques (2003), Hunt, Janin (2008), Maksidi, George (1970), R¨¹egg, Walter (1992), Nuria Sanz,Sjur Bergan (2006)

(3) ? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? (??????? ??? Verger, Jacques (2003)), Powicke, F. M.: 1949

(4)??? .

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