????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????

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???? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???:

  • ?????? ??? ??????? ???????/?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
  • ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????/?????? ??????? ???????
  • ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ???????/??????

????? ??????? ???? ?????

???? ???? ??? (Sex) ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? (Gender) ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.

?????? gender ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? genus ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 1994 ????? ??????/?????? ?? ??????/?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 1995 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? "???????" ?? ?????? ?????? ("??????? ??????? ?????? ???????" ?? "???????? ???????") ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? "??????" ??? ??????? ?????" ????? ??????" ?"???????? ???????" ? "????? ???????"? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? "????"? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? "????? ?????????" ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.

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???? ?????????/?????????????

???? ????? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????:

1. ??????? ?????? ??? ???????

1.1 ????? ????????

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?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

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“??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????.” “??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????.”

???? ?? ?????

?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ＊＊????＆＆ ?? ??? ????????. ????? ??? ＊＊???＆＆ ??? ????? ???? ＊＊????＆＆ ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????.

1.2 ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????:

  • " ????? ??????" (??????? ??? ??????).
  • " ???? ????? ?????? ??????".
  • "????? ???? ???".
  • " ????" (????? ?? "??? ??????").
??? ?????: ???? ?????:
“????? ???? ????? .” “???? ??????? .”
“?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? .” “?????? ?????? ???????.”

??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????

????:

  • “- ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ”
  • “?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????..”

2. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????

2.1 ????? ??? ?????? ???????

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???? : ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????.
?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

2.2. ????? ????? ??????? ????????

?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? 每 ???? ??? ?? ??? 每 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1978.

???? : ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???.

2.3 ????? "?????? ???????" ?? "???? ??????" ?? "????? ??????" ?? "????? ???????" ??? ????? ??????

???? :
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  • “?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????..”
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3. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????

3.1 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????

??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????.

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3.2 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? : ???/???

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3.3 ??????? ??? ???????

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(1) ??? ???? "???????" ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??.

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3.4 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? "???"

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3.5 ??? ??????? ??? ????????

??? ????? ???? ?????
????? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????
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3.6 ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????

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3.7 ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????

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3.8 ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????

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3.9 ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????

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